Although casting shadows is conceptually quite straightforward, it’s still very easy (programmatically) to make just a single mistake that stops shadows appearing at all, which can be surprisingly difficult to debug, but once you’re up and running it becomes much easier.
The light’s view frustum volume is responsible for capturing any models that are intended to cast shadows. The depth buffer (which is non-linear) is responsible for recording the Z (into screen) vertex position values of those models. The frame buffer’s X, Y values are the horizontal and vertical resolution of the shadow map texture.
Therefore, a tightly packed view frustum can be achieved by...
Colour representations of the depth buffer’s precision, and coloured-in shadow map view frustum volumes, are both demonstrated in the following video...
Code updated: 14-07-2022
Code updated: 04-08-2022
Code updated: 06-08-2022
Code updated: 03-09-2022
#include <glad/glad.h> // GLAD: https://github.com/Dav1dde/glad ... GLAD 2 also works via the web-service: https://gen.glad.sh/ (leaving all checkbox options unchecked) #include <GLFW/glfw3.h> #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION #include "stb_image.h" // OpenGL Mathematics(GLM) ... https://github.com/g-truc/glm/blob/master/manual.md // ------------------------------------ // GLM Headers // ------------------ #include <glm/glm.hpp> // Include all GLM core. // #include <glm/ext.hpp> // Include all GLM extensions. #include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp> // Specific extensions. #include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp> #include <assimp/Importer.hpp> #include <assimp/scene.h> #include <assimp/postprocess.h> #include <vector> #include <iostream> #include <fstream> // Used in "shader_configure.h" to read the shader text files. #include "shader_configure.h" // Used to create the shaders. #include "load_meshes_binary.h" #include "shadow_maps.h" void show_FPS(std::vector<Model>& model_list, double& time, int& skip); // Function prototype. int main() { // (1) GLFW: Initialise & Configure // ----------------------------------------- if (!glfwInit()) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); glfwWindowHint(GLFW_SAMPLES, 4); // Anti-aliasing glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 4); glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 2); glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE); const GLFWvidmode* mode = glfwGetVideoMode(glfwGetPrimaryMonitor()); int monitor_width = mode->width; // Monitor's width. int monitor_height = mode->height; int window_width = (int)(monitor_width * 0.85f); // Window size will be 65% the monitor's size... int window_height = (int)(monitor_height * 0.85f); // ... Cast is simply to silence the compiler warning. float screen_aspect_ratio = (float)window_width / (float)window_height; GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(window_width, window_height, "Shadow Maps - Frame Buffer - Depth Texture", NULL, NULL); // GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(window_width, window_height, "Shadow Maps - Frame Buffer - Depth Texture", glfwGetPrimaryMonitor(), NULL); // Full Screen Mode ("Alt" + "F4" to Exit!) if (!window) { glfwTerminate(); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } glfwMakeContextCurrent(window); // Set the window to be used and then centre that window on the monitor. glfwSetWindowPos(window, (monitor_width - window_width) / 2, (monitor_height - window_height) / 2); glfwSwapInterval(1); // Set VSync rate 1:1 with monitor's refresh rate. // (2) GLAD: Load OpenGL Function Pointers // ------------------------------------------------------- if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)) // For GLAD 2 use the following instead: gladLoadGL(glfwGetProcAddress) { glfwTerminate(); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // Enabling depth testing allows rear faces of 3D objects to be hidden behind front faces. glEnable(GL_MULTISAMPLE); // This call might not be necessary... but this is: "glfwWindowHint(GLFW_SAMPLES, 4)" glEnable(GL_BLEND); // GL_BLEND for OpenGL transparency which is further set within the fragment shader. glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA); // (3) Compile Shaders Read from Text Files // ------------------------------------------------------ const char* vert_shader = "../../Shaders/shader_glsl.vert"; const char* frag_shader = "../../Shaders/shader_glsl.frag"; Shader main_shader(vert_shader, frag_shader); main_shader.use(); // (4) Set Camera Position & View Matrices // ------------------------------------------------------ glm::vec3 camera_position(-30.0f, 40.0f, -55.0f); // -Z is into the screen. glm::vec3 camera_target(6.0f,- 5.0f, 15.0f); glm::vec3 view_direction = camera_position - camera_target; if (glm::length(view_direction) > 0) view_direction = glm::normalize(view_direction); if (view_direction.x == 0 && view_direction.z == 0) // Avoids glm::lookAt() crashing via cross-product when view direction is parallel to up-vector. camera_target.z += 0.00001f; // Slightly change either X or Z here (this check is typically required if the camera view direction isn't fixed) unsigned int camera_position_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "camera_position"); glUniform3f(camera_position_loc, camera_position.x, camera_position.y, camera_position.z); glm::vec3 camera_up(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); glm::mat4 view = glm::lookAt(camera_position, camera_target, camera_up); glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(40.0f), screen_aspect_ratio, 10.0f, 250.0f); glm::mat4 player_view_matrix = projection * view; unsigned int player_view_matrix_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "player_view_matrix"); glUniformMatrix4fv(player_view_matrix_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(player_view_matrix)); // Uniform: Transfer view matrix to vertex shader. // (5) Load Blender Models // -------------------------------- // https://www.turbosquid.com/Search/3D-Models/free/commercial (Free Models) // Note: remember to delete at least one of a particular model's files within the relevant model folder after modifying it within Blender (Watch: Model Loading Tutorial Part 3) // Model model("model_testing.obj", main_shader, 0); // Draw method: 0 = multiple meshes... 1 = combined (5 VBOs) ... 2 = combined (1 VBO) // Model black_smith("black_smith.obj", main_shader, 0); // Model helicopter("The_Beast_Helicopter.obj", main_shader, 0); Model aeroplane("Plane_CAP_232.obj", main_shader, 0); Model flat_plane("flat_plane_with_image.obj", main_shader, 1); Model light_0("light.obj", main_shader, 1); Model light_1("light.obj", main_shader, 0); Model frustum("frustum.obj", main_shader, 2); std::vector<Model> model_list; // Used in: show_FPS() further down. model_list.push_back(aeroplane); model_list.push_back(flat_plane); model_list.push_back(light_0); model_list.push_back(light_1); model_list.push_back(frustum); unsigned int model_number_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "model_number"); unsigned int spin_on_the_spot_mat_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "spin_on_the_spot_mat"); srand((unsigned)time(NULL)); // Initialise random seed. float x_spin = 1.0f / (rand() % 10 + 1); // Generate random number between 1 and 10 float y_spin = 1.0f / (rand() % 10 + 1); float z_spin = 1.0f / (rand() % 10 + 1); float spin_speed = (float)(rand() % 5 + 1); // Cast is simply to silence the compiler warning. float spin_vary = 0.0f; int spin_dir = 1; glm::mat4 spinning_mat(1.0f); // (6) Set Each Light's Camera Parameters // ---------------------------------------------------- glm::vec3 persp_light_pos(-12.0f, 12.0f, -22.0f); glm::vec3 persp_light_target(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glm::mat4 persp_light_circular_orbit(1.0f); // Used to animate the shadow's camera position. float shadow_cam_FOV = 30.0f; Shadow light_source_0(main_shader, persp_light_pos, persp_light_target, shadow_cam_FOV); // Perspective. glm::vec3 orth_light_pos(5.0f, 12.0f, -19.0f); glm::vec3 orth_light_target(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); // Straight down. glm::mat4 orth_light_circular_orbit(1.0f); // Used to animate the main light's position. float left = -15.0f; float right = 15.0f; float bottom = -15.0f; float top = 15.0f; Shadow light_source_1(main_shader, orth_light_pos, orth_light_target, left, right, bottom, top); // Orthographic. unsigned int light_ID_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "light_ID"); unsigned int light_count_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "light_count"); unsigned int rendering_shadow_map_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "rendering_shadow_map"); glClearColor(0.30f, 0.55f, 0.65f, 1.0f); // Screen clear colour. int skip = 0; // Used in: show_FPS() further down. double time = 0; while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) // Enter main-Loop. { view = glm::rotate(view, 0.0075f, glm::vec3(0, 1, 0)); player_view_matrix = projection * view; glUniformMatrix4fv(player_view_matrix_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(player_view_matrix)); // (7) Randomise the Model's Spinning Speed & Axis // ------------------------------------------------------------------ spin_vary += 0.05f * spin_dir; if (spin_vary > 6 || spin_vary < 0) { spin_dir = -spin_dir; // Reverse the spinning direction. x_spin = 1.0f / (rand() % 10 + 1); y_spin = 1.0f / (rand() % 10 + 1); z_spin = 1.0f / (rand() % 10 + 1); spin_speed = (float)(rand() % 50 + 1) / 20; } spinning_mat = glm::rotate(spinning_mat, glm::radians(spin_speed), glm::normalize(glm::vec3(x_spin, y_spin, z_spin))); glUniformMatrix4fv(spin_on_the_spot_mat_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(spinning_mat)); // Pass rotation matrix to vertex shader. // (8) Circular Orbits for Perspective Spotlight // -------------------------------------------------------- persp_light_circular_orbit = glm::rotate(persp_light_circular_orbit, glm::radians(0.70f), glm::vec3(0, 1, 0)); // 0.70 (Slow... smooth and even) persp_light_circular_orbit = glm::rotate(persp_light_circular_orbit, glm::radians(-0.35f), glm::vec3(0, 0, 1)); // -0.35 glm::vec3 new_shadow_cam_pos = persp_light_circular_orbit * glm::vec4(persp_light_pos, 1.0f); light_source_0.update_light_view_perspective(new_shadow_cam_pos, persp_light_target, shadow_cam_FOV); // (9) Circular Orbits for Orthographic Light // ----------------------------------------------------- orth_light_circular_orbit = glm::rotate(orth_light_circular_orbit, glm::radians(0.90f), glm::vec3(0, 1, 0)); orth_light_circular_orbit = glm::rotate(orth_light_circular_orbit, glm::radians(-0.35f), glm::vec3(1, 0, 1)); glm::vec3 new_orth_light_pos = orth_light_circular_orbit * glm::vec4(orth_light_pos, 1.0f); // The main light drawn in Blender is positioned at: (0, 0, 0) light_source_1.update_light_view_orthographic(new_orth_light_pos, orth_light_target, left, right, top, bottom); // (10) Render Shadow Maps 1st... Draw Models 2nd... (If only using light 2 then light 1 instance further up needs commenting or else the fragment shader for-loop runs twice) // --------------------------------------------------------------------- // Render shadows (GLSL: 2.2.1 "When the type of internal state is boolean, zero integer or floating-point values are converted to FALSE and non-zero values are converted to TRUE") glUniform1i(rendering_shadow_map_loc, true); glUniform1ui(light_ID_loc, 0); // Send light ID to vertex shader whenever 1) Changing light source which is used for shadow rendering... or 2) Drawing the light or frustum model. glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 0); light_source_0.render_model_shadow(aeroplane, true); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 1); light_source_0.render_model_shadow(flat_plane, false); glUniform1ui(light_ID_loc, 1); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 0); light_source_1.render_model_shadow(aeroplane, true); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 1); light_source_1.render_model_shadow(flat_plane, false); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glUniform1i(rendering_shadow_map_loc, false); // Render models. glUniform1ui(light_count_loc, 2); // Let both shaders know how many lights there are. This could be added to the: shadow_maps.h class... but is set here manually instead. glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 0); // Likewise this could be added to the: load_meshes_binary.h class... but has also been left here to be set manually. aeroplane.process_draw_calls(window_width, window_height); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 1); flat_plane.process_draw_calls(window_width, window_height); glUniform1ui(light_ID_loc, 0); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 2); light_0.process_draw_calls(window_width, window_height); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 4); frustum.process_draw_calls(window_width, window_height); glUniform1ui(light_ID_loc, 1); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 3); light_1.process_draw_calls(window_width, window_height); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 4); frustum.process_draw_calls(window_width, window_height); glfwSwapBuffers(window); glfwPollEvents(); show_FPS(model_list, time, skip); } // (11) Exit the Application // -------------------------------- glDeleteProgram(main_shader.ID); // This OpenGL function call is talked about in: shader_configure.h /* glfwDestroyWindow(window) // Call this function to destroy a specific window */ glfwTerminate(); // Destroys all remaining windows and cursors, restores modified gamma ramps, and frees resources. exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); // Function call: exit() is a C/C++ function that performs various tasks to help clean up resources. } void show_FPS(std::vector<Model>& model_list, double& time, int& skip) { double prev_time = time; time = glfwGetTime(); float delta_time = (float)(time - prev_time); ++skip; // Avoids std::cout slowing down the program too much. if (skip == 60) // 60 Is simply so that for VSync 60FPS it displays here once per second (Any number is OK) { skip = 0; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < model_list.size(); ++i) { if (model_list[i].draw_method == 0) std::cout << " Draw method: Multiple Meshes --- Draw calls: " << model_list[i].num_meshes << " --- Model name : " << model_list[i].model_name << "\n"; if (model_list[i].draw_method == 1) std::cout << " Draw method: 5VBO --- Draw calls: 1 --- Model name : " << model_list[i].model_name << "\n"; if (model_list[i].draw_method == 2) std::cout << " Draw method: 1VBO --- Draw calls: 1 --- Model name : " << model_list[i].model_name << "\n"; } std::cout << " FPS: " << ((1.0f / 60) / delta_time) * 60 << "\n\n"; } }
#pragma once // Instead of using include guards. class Shader { public: GLuint ID; // Public Program ID. // Constructor // --------------- Shader(const char* vert_path, const char* frag_path) { char character; std::ifstream vert_stream; std::ifstream frag_stream; std::string vert_string; std::string frag_string; // Read vertex shader text file // ------------------------------------ vert_stream.open(vert_path); // I decided not to implement: Exception handling try catch method. if (vert_stream.is_open()) // Note: There are various other methods for accessing the stream, i.e., vert_stream.get() is just one option. { while (vert_stream.get(character)) // Loop getting single characters until EOF (value false) is returned. vert_string += character; // "The first signature returns the character read, or the end-of-file value (EOF) if no characters are available in the stream..." vert_stream.close(); std::cout << "\n File: " << vert_path << " opened successfully.\n"; } else std::cout << "\n ERROR!... File: " << vert_path << " could not be opened.\n"; // Read fragment shader text file // ---------------------------------------- frag_stream.open(frag_path); if (frag_stream.is_open()) { while (frag_stream.get(character)) frag_string += character; frag_stream.close(); std::cout << " File: " << frag_path << " opened successfully.\n\n"; } else std::cout << " ERROR!... File: " << frag_path << " could not be opened.\n\n"; // std::cout << vert_string << "\n\n"; // Output the shader files to display in the console window. // std::cout << frag_string << "\n\n"; const char* vert_pointer = vert_string.c_str(); const char* frag_pointer = frag_string.c_str(); // Compile shaders // ---------------------- GLuint vert_shad, frag_shad; // Declare in here locally. Being attached to the public Program ID allows the shaders to be used publicly. // Create vertex shader // --------------------------- vert_shad = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER); glShaderSource(vert_shad, 1, &vert_pointer, NULL); glCompileShader(vert_shad); Check_Shaders_Program(vert_shad, "vert_shader"); // Create fragment shader // ------------------------------- frag_shad = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER); glShaderSource(frag_shad, 1, &frag_pointer, NULL); glCompileShader(frag_shad); Check_Shaders_Program(frag_shad, "frag_shader"); // Create shader program // ------------------------------ ID = glCreateProgram(); glAttachShader(ID, vert_shad); // This also avoids deletion via: glDeleteShader(vert_shad) as called below. glAttachShader(ID, frag_shad); glLinkProgram(ID); Check_Shaders_Program(ID, "shader_program"); // Note: Flagging the program object for deletion before calling "glUseProgram" would accidentally stop the program installation of the rendering state // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- glDeleteShader(vert_shad); // Flag shader object for automatic deletion (freeing memory) when no longer attached to a program object... glDeleteShader(frag_shad); // ... program object is deleted (glDeleteProgram ) within: main() when the application ends. // glUseProgram(ID); // Typically this is called within: main() to select individual shaders that have been created. // glDeleteProgram(ID); // Alternatively the program object can be deleted here after 1st calling: glUseProgram(ID) } // Activate the shader // ------------------------- void use() { glUseProgram(ID); // Function called from within main() to select an individual shader to be used. } private: // Check shader compilations and program object for linking errors // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- void Check_Shaders_Program(GLuint type, std::string name) { int success; int error_log_size; char info_log[1000]; // 1000 characters max. Typically it's less than 500 even for multiple shader errors. if (name == "vert_shader" || name == "frag_shader") { glGetShaderiv(type, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success); if (!success) { glGetShaderInfoLog(type, 1024, &error_log_size, info_log); std::cout << "\n--- Shader Compilation Error: " << name << "\n\n" << info_log << "\n" << "Error Log Number of Characters: " << error_log_size << "\n\n"; } } else // "shader_program" { glGetProgramiv(type, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success); if (!success) { glGetProgramInfoLog(type, 1024, &error_log_size, info_log); std::cout << "\n--- Program Link Error: " << name << "\n\n" << info_log << "\n" << "Error Log Number of Characters: " << error_log_size << "\n"; } } } };
#pragma once // Instead of using include guards. Assimp::Importer importer; // https://assimp-docs.readthedocs.io/en/v5.1.0/ ... (An older Assimp website: http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/index.html) const aiScene* scene = nullptr; aiNode* root_node = nullptr; // Only being used in the: load_model_cout_console() function. class Model { private: struct Mesh { unsigned int VAO, VBO1, VBO2, VBO3, EBO; // Buffer handles (Typically type: GLuint is used) std::vector<glm::vec3> vert_positions; std::vector<glm::vec3> vert_normals; std::vector<glm::vec2> tex_coords; std::vector<unsigned int> vert_indices; unsigned int mesh_num; // Add a uniform if wanting to use mesh_num via: draw_multiple_meshes() unsigned int tex_handle; }; struct Texture { unsigned int tex_handle; unsigned int sampler_location; std::string image_name; }; // ------------------------------ struct Meshes_5VBO_Combined { unsigned int VAO, VBO1, VBO2, VBO3, VBO4, VBO5, EBO; std::vector<Texture> texture_list; std::vector<glm::vec3> vert_positions; std::vector<glm::vec3> vert_normals; std::vector<glm::vec2> tex_coords; std::vector<unsigned int> vert_indices; std::vector<unsigned int> mesh_num; std::vector<unsigned int> sampler_array_pos; }; // ------------------------------ struct Vertex { glm::vec3 vert_position; glm::vec3 vert_normal; glm::vec2 tex_coords; unsigned int mesh_num; unsigned int sampler_array_pos; }; struct Meshes_1VBO_Combined { unsigned int VAO, VBO, EBO; std::vector<Texture> texture_list; std::vector<unsigned int> vert_indices; std::vector<Vertex> vertex_data; }; // ------------------------------ bool binary_version_found; std::vector<Texture> texture_list; std::vector<Mesh> mesh_list; Meshes_1VBO_Combined meshes_1VBO_combined; Meshes_5VBO_Combined meshes_5VBO_combined; Shader& shader; unsigned int draw_multiple_meshes_sampler_pos0_val; unsigned int rendering_multiple_meshes_loc; // Uniform required because multiple meshes (draw method 0) doesn't pass mesh number via shader input attribute. unsigned int meshes_combined_loc; public: std::string model_name; // Public because used in: show_FPS() within main.cpp unsigned int num_meshes; unsigned int draw_method; Model(const char* model_path, Shader& main_shader, unsigned draw_method) : shader(main_shader) // Constructor { model_name = model_path; this->draw_method = draw_method; // --------------------------------------------- configure_draw_calls(model_path); } void process_draw_calls(unsigned buffer_width, unsigned buffer_height) { if (draw_method == 0) draw_multiple_meshes(buffer_width, buffer_height); if (draw_method == 1) draw_meshes_combined_5VBO(buffer_width, buffer_height); if (draw_method == 2) draw_meshes_combined_1VBO(buffer_width, buffer_height); } private: void configure_draw_calls(std::string model_path) { rendering_multiple_meshes_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "rendering_multiple_meshes"); meshes_combined_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "meshes_combined"); if (draw_method == 0) { load_model(model_path); // Uncomment only one of these two load model functions. // load_model_cout_console(model_path); draw_multiple_meshes_sampler_pos0_val = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "images[0]"); } if (draw_method == 1) { binary_version_found = look_for_model_5VBO(model_path); if (binary_version_found) { std::cout << "\n Binary model found (5VBO) Path: " << model_path; std::cout << "\n ********************************************************\n\n"; // Measure Loading Time (5VBO) // ---------------------------------------- double time_before_binary = glfwGetTime(); read_model_files_5VBO(model_path); std::cout << " Time taken to read binary files (5VBO): " << glfwGetTime() - time_before_binary << "\n\n"; double time_before_textures = glfwGetTime(); load_file_name_images(meshes_5VBO_combined.texture_list); std::cout << "\n Time taken to load textures (5VBO): " << glfwGetTime() - time_before_textures << "\n\n"; populate_sampler_array_setup(meshes_5VBO_combined.texture_list); // Includes calls to: glGetUniformLocation() } else { std::cout << "\n Did not find usable binary model (5VBO) Path: " << model_path; std::cout << "\n **********************************************************************\n\n"; load_model(model_path); // Load model via Assimp. // load_model_cout_console(model_path); combine_meshes_5VBO(); // Vertex data as... vector lists. write_model_files_5VBO(model_path); populate_sampler_array_setup(texture_list); } set_buffer_data_combined_5VBO(); // Set up: VAO, VBO and EBO. } if (draw_method == 2) { binary_version_found = look_for_model_1VBO(model_path); if (binary_version_found) { std::cout << "\n Binary model found (1VBO) Path: " << model_path; std::cout << "\n ********************************************************\n\n"; // Measure Loading Time (1VBO) // ---------------------------------------- double time_before_binary = glfwGetTime(); read_model_files_1VBO(model_path); std::cout << " Time taken to read binary files (1VBO): " << glfwGetTime() - time_before_binary << "\n\n"; double time_before_textures = glfwGetTime(); load_file_name_images(meshes_1VBO_combined.texture_list); std::cout << "\n Time taken to load textures (1VBO): " << glfwGetTime() - time_before_textures << "\n\n"; populate_sampler_array_setup(meshes_1VBO_combined.texture_list); // Includes calls to: glGetUniformLocation() } else { std::cout << "\n Did not find usable binary model (1VBO) Path: " << model_path; std::cout << "\n **********************************************************************\n\n"; load_model(model_path); // Load model via Assimp. // load_model_cout_console(model_path); combine_meshes_1VBO(); // Vertex data as... struct lists. write_model_files_1VBO(model_path); populate_sampler_array_setup(texture_list); } set_buffer_data_combined_1VBO(); // Set up: VAO, VBO and EBO. } } void populate_sampler_array_setup(std::vector<Texture>& texture_list) { for (unsigned int i = 0; i < texture_list.size(); ++i) { std::string index_num = std::to_string(i); std::string sampler_name = "images[" + index_num + "]"; // Sampler location set below is received here via texture list (by reference) // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ texture_list[i].sampler_location = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, sampler_name.c_str()); } } void load_model(std::string model_path) { // http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/postprocess_8h.html (See: aiPostProcessSteps) (Flag options) scene = importer.ReadFile(model_path, aiProcess_JoinIdenticalVertices | aiProcess_Triangulate | aiProcess_FlipUVs); if (!scene || !scene->mRootNode || scene->mFlags & AI_SCENE_FLAGS_INCOMPLETE) std::cout << "Assimp importer.ReadFile (Error) -- " << importer.GetErrorString() << "\n"; else { num_meshes = scene->mNumMeshes; mesh_list.resize(num_meshes); aiMesh* mesh{}; unsigned int total_num_vertices = 0; unsigned int total_num_indices = 0; // (1) Loop through all the model's meshes // ----------------------------------------------------- for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_meshes; ++i) { mesh_list[i].mesh_num = i; // Fed in to vertex shader as an input attribute (Used to identify and transform meshes independently of one another) mesh = scene->mMeshes[i]; // http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/structai_mesh.html std::cout << " mesh_list[i].mesh_num: " << mesh_list[i].mesh_num << "\n"; total_num_vertices += mesh->mNumVertices; // std::cout << " Mesh: " << i << " --- mesh[i].mNumVertices: " << mesh->mNumVertices << "\n"; aiMaterial* material = scene->mMaterials[mesh->mMaterialIndex]; // http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/structai_material.html unsigned int tex_count = 0; // This loop will only run once (i.e. there's only 1 texture per mesh) for (; tex_count < material->GetTextureCount(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE); ++tex_count) // Also, only using: aiTextureType_DIFFUSE. { aiString string; material->GetTexture(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE, tex_count, &string); // Acquire the name of the image file to be loaded. // (2) Load mesh [i]'s texture if not already loaded // --------------------------------------------------------------- int already_loaded = is_image_loaded(string.C_Str()); // Returns -1 if texture Not already loaded, otherwise returns Existing texture handle. if (already_loaded == -1) // Image not yet loaded so now attempt to load it. { bool load_success = false; unsigned int texture_handle = load_texture_image(string.C_Str(), load_success); // Notice the UPPER case "C_Str()" if (load_success) // Although do nothing if the image fails to load. { Texture texture; texture.image_name = string.C_Str(); texture.tex_handle = texture_handle; texture_list.push_back(texture); mesh_list[i].tex_handle = texture_handle; } std::cout << "\n"; } else mesh_list[i].tex_handle = already_loaded; // Assign existing texture handle. } if (tex_count == 0) { mesh_list[i].tex_handle = 0; // std::cout << " material->GetTexture(...) No image has been applied to this mesh\n"; } // (3) Loop through all mesh [i]'s vertices // --------------------------------------------------- for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < mesh->mNumVertices; ++i2) { glm::vec3 position{}; position.x = mesh->mVertices[i2].x; position.y = mesh->mVertices[i2].y; position.z = mesh->mVertices[i2].z; mesh_list[i].vert_positions.push_back(position); if (mesh->HasNormals()) { glm::vec3 normal{}; normal.x = mesh->mNormals[i2].x; normal.y = mesh->mNormals[i2].y; normal.z = mesh->mNormals[i2].z; mesh_list[i].vert_normals.push_back(normal); } else mesh_list[i].vert_normals.push_back(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)); if (mesh->HasTextureCoords(0)) // Only slot [0] is in question. { glm::vec2 tex_coords{}; tex_coords.x = mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i2].x; tex_coords.y = mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i2].y; mesh_list[i].tex_coords.push_back(tex_coords); } else mesh_list[i].tex_coords.push_back(glm::vec2(0.0f, 0.0f)); } // (4) Loop through all mesh [i]'s Indices // -------------------------------------------------- for (unsigned int i3 = 0; i3 < mesh->mNumFaces; ++i3) { for (unsigned int i4 = 0; i4 < mesh->mFaces[i3].mNumIndices; ++i4) mesh_list[i].vert_indices.push_back(mesh->mFaces[i3].mIndices[i4]); total_num_indices += mesh->mFaces[i3].mNumIndices; } set_buffer_data(i); // Set up: VAO, VBO and EBO. } std::cout << "\n Assimp... total_num_vertices: " << total_num_vertices << "\n"; std::cout << " Assimp... total_num_indices: " << total_num_indices << "\n\n"; } } void load_model_cout_console(std::string model_path) { // http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/postprocess_8h.html (See: aiPostProcessSteps) (Flag options) scene = importer.ReadFile(model_path, aiProcess_JoinIdenticalVertices | aiProcess_Triangulate | aiProcess_FlipUVs); // Briefly looking at the node structure // ------------------------------------------------ if (!scene || !scene->mRootNode || scene->mFlags & AI_SCENE_FLAGS_INCOMPLETE) std::cout << "Assimp importer.ReadFile (Error) -- " << importer.GetErrorString() << "\n"; else { num_meshes = scene->mNumMeshes; mesh_list.resize(num_meshes); std::cout << "\n Start of Assimp Loading Meshes & Analysis"; std::cout << "\n -----------------------------------------"; root_node = scene->mRootNode; std::cout << "\n node->mNumMeshes: " << root_node->mNumMeshes; std::cout << "\n node->mName.C_Str(): " << root_node->mName.C_Str(); std::cout << "\n\n node->mNumChildren: " << root_node->mNumChildren; // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ for (unsigned int i = 0; i < root_node->mNumChildren; ++i) { std::cout << "\n node->mChildren[i]->mName.C_Str(): " << root_node->mChildren[i]->mName.C_Str(); std::cout << "\n node->mChildren[i]->mNumMeshes: " << root_node->mChildren[i]->mNumMeshes; } std::cout << "\n\n scene->HasMaterials(): " << scene->HasMaterials(); // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ for (unsigned int i = 0; i < scene->mNumMaterials; ++i) std::cout << "\n scene->mMaterials[i]->GetName(): " << scene->mMaterials[i]->GetName().C_Str(); std::cout << "\n\n scene->HasTextures(): " << scene->HasTextures(); aiMesh* mesh{}; int total_num_indices = 0; // (1) Loop through all the model's meshes // ----------------------------------------------------- std::cout << "\n scene->mNumMeshes: " << num_meshes; std::cout << "\n ********************\n"; // --------------------------------------------------------- for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_meshes; ++i) // In this case... scene->mNumMeshes = node->mChildren[i]->mNumMeshes { mesh_list[i].mesh_num = i; // Fed in to vertex shader as an input attribute (Used to identify and transform meshes independently of one another) mesh = scene->mMeshes[i]; // http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/structai_mesh.html std::cout << "\n\n mesh->mMaterialIndex: " << mesh->mMaterialIndex; std::cout << "\n ----------------------- "; std::cout << "\n mesh->mName.C_Str(): " << mesh->mName.C_Str(); aiMaterial* material = scene->mMaterials[mesh->mMaterialIndex]; // http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/structai_material.html std::cout << "\n\n material->GetTexture(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE, tex_count, &string): " << material->GetTextureCount(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE); std::cout << "\n material->GetTexture(aiTextureType_SPECULAR, tex_count, &string): " << material->GetTextureCount(aiTextureType_SPECULAR); std::cout << "\n material->GetTexture(aiTextureType_AMBIENT, tex_count, &string): " << material->GetTextureCount(aiTextureType_AMBIENT) << "\n\n"; unsigned int tex_count = 0; // This loop will only run once (i.e. there's only 1 texture per mesh) for (; tex_count < material->GetTextureCount(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE); ++tex_count) // The above std::cout reveals that only using: aiTextureType_DIFFUSE { aiString string; material->GetTexture(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE, tex_count, &string); // Acquire the name of the image file to be loaded. std::cout << " material->GetTexture(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE, tex_count, &string): " << string.C_Str() << "\n\n"; // (2) Load mesh [i]'s texture if not already loaded // --------------------------------------------------------------- int already_loaded = is_image_loaded(string.C_Str()); // Returns -1 if texture Not already loaded, otherwise returns Existing texture handle. std::cout << " Loading Image\n"; if (already_loaded == -1) // Image not yet loaded. { bool load_complete = false; unsigned int texture_handle = load_texture_image(string.C_Str(), load_complete); // Notice the UPPER case "C_Str()" if (load_complete) // Although do nothing if the image fails to load. { Texture texture; texture.image_name = string.C_Str(); texture.tex_handle = texture_handle; texture_list.push_back(texture); mesh_list[i].tex_handle = texture_handle; } } else // Assign existing texture handle. { std::string edited = string.C_Str(); std::size_t position = edited.find_last_of("\\"); std::cout << " Image file: " << edited.substr(position + 1) << " (is already loaded)"; mesh_list[i].tex_handle = already_loaded; } } if (tex_count == 0) { mesh_list[i].tex_handle = 0; // std::cout << " material->GetTexture(...) No image has been applied to this mesh\n\n"; } else std::cout << "\n\n"; for (unsigned int slot = 0; slot < AI_MAX_NUMBER_OF_TEXTURECOORDS; ++slot) std::cout << " mesh->HasTextureCoords(" << slot << "): " << mesh->HasTextureCoords(slot) << "\n"; std::cout << "\n Mesh index: " << i << " (mesh->mNumVertices: " << mesh->mNumVertices << ")"; std::cout << "\n ------------------------------------- "; // (3) Loop through all mesh [i]'s vertices // --------------------------------------------------- for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < mesh->mNumVertices; ++i2) { glm::vec3 position{}; position.x = mesh->mVertices[i2].x; position.y = mesh->mVertices[i2].y; position.z = mesh->mVertices[i2].z; mesh_list[i].vert_positions.push_back(position); std::cout << "\n Count: " << i2; std::cout << "\n mesh->mVertices[" << i2 << "].x: " << position.x; std::cout << "\n mesh->mVertices[" << i2 << "].y: " << position.y; std::cout << "\n mesh->mVertices[" << i2 << "].z: " << position.z; if (mesh->HasNormals()) { glm::vec3 normal{}; normal.x = mesh->mNormals[i2].x; normal.y = mesh->mNormals[i2].y; normal.z = mesh->mNormals[i2].z; mesh_list[i].vert_normals.push_back(normal); std::cout << "\n mesh->mNormals[" << i2 << "] X: " << normal.x << " Y: " << normal.y << " Z: " << normal.z; } else mesh_list[i].vert_normals.push_back(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)); if (mesh->HasTextureCoords(0)) // Above for loop: AI_MAX_NUMBER_OF_TEXTURECOORDS reveals that only slot [0] is in question. { glm::vec2 tex_coords{}; tex_coords.x = mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i2].x; tex_coords.y = mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i2].y; mesh_list[i].tex_coords.push_back(tex_coords); std::cout << "\n mesh->mTextureCoords[0][" << i2 << "] X: " << tex_coords.x << " Y: " << tex_coords.y; } else mesh_list[i].tex_coords.push_back(glm::vec2(0.0f, 0.0f)); } std::cout << "\n\n mesh->mNumFaces: " << mesh->mNumFaces << "\n"; std::cout << " ------------------ "; // (4) Loop through all mesh [i]'s Indices // -------------------------------------------------- for (unsigned int i3 = 0; i3 < mesh->mNumFaces; ++i3) { std::cout << "\n"; for (unsigned int i4 = 0; i4 < mesh->mFaces[i3].mNumIndices; ++i4) { std::cout << " mesh->mFaces[" << i3 << "].mIndices[" << i4 << "]: " << mesh->mFaces[i3].mIndices[i4] << "\n"; mesh_list[i].vert_indices.push_back(mesh->mFaces[i3].mIndices[i4]); ++total_num_indices; } } std::cout << "\n Total number of indices: " << total_num_indices; std::cout << "\n **************************\n"; total_num_indices = 0; set_buffer_data(i); // Set up: VAO, VBO and EBO. } // Look to see if each mesh's texture handle corresponds correctly to the loaded image // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- std::cout << "\n Look to see if each mesh's texture handle corresponds correctly to the loaded image"; std::cout << "\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"; if (texture_list.size() > 0) for (unsigned int i = 0; i < texture_list.size(); ++i) { std::cout << " image_list[" << i << "].imageID: " << texture_list[i].tex_handle << "... image_list[" << i << "].image_name: " << texture_list[i].image_name << "\n"; for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < num_meshes; ++i2) if (texture_list[i].tex_handle == mesh_list[i2].tex_handle) std::cout << " mesh_list[" << i2 << "].tex_handle: " << mesh_list[i2].tex_handle << "\n"; std::cout << "\n"; } else std::cout << " ***** No images have been loaded\n\n"; } } void load_file_name_images(std::vector<Texture>& texture_list) { if (texture_list.size() > 0) { for (unsigned int i = 0; i < texture_list.size(); ++i) { bool load_success = false; unsigned int texture_handle = load_texture_image(texture_list[i].image_name, load_success); if (load_success) { texture_list[i].tex_handle = texture_handle; // Parameter: "& texture_list" received by reference and changed here. std::cout << " --- load_file_name_images() Successful: " << texture_list[i].image_name << "\n"; } else std::cout << " --- load_file_name_images() Failed: " << texture_list[i].image_name << "\n"; } } else std::cout << " ***** No images have been loaded\n\n"; } void combine_meshes_5VBO() { std::cout << " Analysing combined mesh data\n"; std::cout << " ----------------------------"; unsigned int offset = 0; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_meshes; ++i) // Combine multiple mesh data into 1 set of vectors. { // A straightforward copy of the positions, normals and texture coordinates // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions.insert(meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions.end(), mesh_list[i].vert_positions.begin(), mesh_list[i].vert_positions.end()); meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals.insert(meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals.end(), mesh_list[i].vert_normals.begin(), mesh_list[i].vert_normals.end()); meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords.insert(meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords.end(), mesh_list[i].tex_coords.begin(), mesh_list[i].tex_coords.end()); for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < mesh_list[i].vert_positions.size(); ++i2) // 1 mesh number & 1 sampler position per vertex. { meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num.push_back(mesh_list[i].mesh_num); // Use for identifying and transforming meshes independently. bool match_found = false; for (unsigned int i3 = 0; i3 < texture_list.size(); ++i3) if (texture_list[i3].tex_handle == mesh_list[i].tex_handle) // Compare mesh handle to texture list handle. { match_found = true; meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos.push_back(i3); } if (!match_found) // Note: without assigning some/any pos here in case any of the model meshes don't have a texture applied, then the size of this "sampler_array_pos" results in... meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos.push_back(0); // ...being too small, and from testing, not surprisingly, the sampler array pos then no longer corresponds correctly. } for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < mesh_list[i].vert_indices.size(); ++i2) // Offset by the total number of vertices in previous meshes. meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices.push_back(mesh_list[i].vert_indices[i2] + offset); offset += (unsigned int)mesh_list[i].vert_positions.size(); // Unsigned 32 bit is still over 2 billion. // std::cout << "\n Indices offset: " << offset; } std::cout << "\n\n Meshes combined into vector lists\n"; std::cout << " ---------------------------------\n"; std::cout << " meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions.size(): " << meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions.size() << "\n"; std::cout << " meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals.size(): " << meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals.size() << "\n"; std::cout << " meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords.size(): " << meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords.size() << "\n"; std::cout << " meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num.size(): " << meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num.size() << "\n"; std::cout << " meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices.size(): " << meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices.size() << "\n\n"; } void combine_meshes_1VBO() { std::cout << " Analysing combined mesh data\n"; std::cout << " ----------------------------"; Vertex data{}; data.sampler_array_pos = 0; // Set pos to 0 for when mesh has no texture (See note further down: "data.sampler_array_pos = i3; // Unlike for...") unsigned int offset = 0; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_meshes; ++i) { for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < mesh_list[i].vert_positions.size(); ++i2) // Add attribute values for every vertex entry. { data.mesh_num = mesh_list[i].mesh_num; // Use for identifying and transforming meshes independently. data.vert_position = mesh_list[i].vert_positions[i2]; data.vert_normal = mesh_list[i].vert_normals[i2]; data.tex_coords = mesh_list[i].tex_coords[i2]; for (unsigned int i3 = 0; i3 < texture_list.size(); ++i3) if (texture_list[i3].tex_handle == mesh_list[i].tex_handle) // Compare mesh handle to texture list handle. data.sampler_array_pos = i3; // Unlike for "meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos.push_back(0)", set pos to 0 further up, for if mesh has no texture. meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data.push_back(data); // Add vertex to meshes combined. } for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < mesh_list[i].vert_indices.size(); ++i2) // Offset by the total number of vertices in previous meshes. meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices.push_back(mesh_list[i].vert_indices[i2] + offset); offset += (unsigned int)mesh_list[i].vert_positions.size(); // Unsigned 32 bit is still over 2 billion. // std::cout << "\n Indices offset: " << offset; } std::cout << "\n\n Meshes combined into struct lists\n"; std::cout << " ---------------------------------\n"; std::cout << " meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data.size(): " << meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data.size() << "\n\n"; } void set_buffer_data(unsigned index) { glGenVertexArrays(1, &mesh_list[index].VAO); glGenBuffers(1, &mesh_list[index].VBO1); glGenBuffers(1, &mesh_list[index].VBO2); glGenBuffers(1, &mesh_list[index].VBO3); glGenBuffers(1, &mesh_list[index].EBO); glBindVertexArray(mesh_list[index].VAO); // Vertex Positions // --------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh_list[index].VBO1); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(glm::vec3) * mesh_list[index].vert_positions.size(), &mesh_list[index].vert_positions[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); // Void pointer below is for legacy reasons. Two possible meanings: "offset for buffer objects" & "address for client state arrays" glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0); // Vertex Normals // -------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh_list[index].VBO2); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(glm::vec3) * mesh_list[index].vert_normals.size(), &mesh_list[index].vert_normals[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(1); glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0); // Texture Coordinates // --------------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh_list[index].VBO3); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(glm::vec2) * mesh_list[index].tex_coords.size(), &mesh_list[index].tex_coords[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(2); glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 2 * sizeof(float), (void*)0); // Indices for: glDrawElements() // --------------------------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh_list[index].EBO); glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(unsigned int) * mesh_list[index].vert_indices.size(), &mesh_list[index].vert_indices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glBindVertexArray(0); // Unbind VAO } void set_buffer_data_combined_5VBO() { glGenVertexArrays(1, &meshes_5VBO_combined.VAO); glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO1); // Alternative to using 5 separate VBOs... see function: set_buffer_data_combined_1VBO() glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO2); glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO3); glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO4); glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO5); glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_5VBO_combined.EBO); glBindVertexArray(meshes_5VBO_combined.VAO); // Vertex Positions // --------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO1); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(glm::vec3) * meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions.size(), &meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); // Void pointer below is for legacy reasons. Two possible meanings: "offset for buffer objects" & "address for client state arrays" glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0); // Vertex Normals // -------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO2); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(glm::vec3) * meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals.size(), &meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(1); glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0); // Texture Coordinates // --------------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO3); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(glm::vec2) * meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords.size(), &meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(2); glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 2 * sizeof(float), (void*)0); // Mesh Number // ------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO4); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(unsigned int) * meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num.size(), &meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(3); glVertexAttribIPointer(3, 1, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0, (void*)0); // (Notice the "I") // Sampler Array Position // ------------------------------ glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO5); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(unsigned int) * meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos.size(), &meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(4); glVertexAttribIPointer(4, 1, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0, (void*)0); // (Notice the "I") // Indices for: glDrawElements() // --------------------------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_5VBO_combined.EBO); glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(unsigned int) * meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices.size(), &meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glBindVertexArray(0); // Unbind VAO } void set_buffer_data_combined_1VBO() { glGenVertexArrays(1, &meshes_1VBO_combined.VAO); glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_1VBO_combined.VBO); glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_1VBO_combined.EBO); glBindVertexArray(meshes_1VBO_combined.VAO); // Vertex Positions // --------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_1VBO_combined.VBO); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data.size() * sizeof(Vertex), &meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); // Void pointer below is for legacy reasons. Two possible meanings: "offset for buffer objects" & "address for client state arrays" glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)0); // Vertex Normals // -------------------- glEnableVertexAttribArray(1); glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, vert_normal)); // Texture Coordinates // --------------------------- glEnableVertexAttribArray(2); glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, tex_coords)); // Mesh Number // ------------------- glEnableVertexAttribArray(3); glVertexAttribIPointer(3, 1, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, mesh_num)); // Notice the "I" // Sampler Array Position // ------------------------------ glEnableVertexAttribArray(4); glVertexAttribIPointer(4, 1, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, sampler_array_pos)); // Notice the "I" // Indices for: glDrawElements() // --------------------------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_1VBO_combined.EBO); glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(unsigned int) * meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices.size(), &meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glBindVertexArray(0); // Unbind VAO } int is_image_loaded(std::string image_path) { for (unsigned int i = 0; i < texture_list.size(); ++i) if (image_path.compare(texture_list[i].image_name) == 0) return texture_list[i].tex_handle; return -1; } unsigned int load_texture_image(std::string image_path, bool& load_complete) { // stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(1); // Call this function if the image is upside-down. std::size_t position = image_path.find_last_of("\\"); image_path = "Images\\" + image_path.substr(position + 1); int width, height, num_components; unsigned char* image_data = stbi_load(image_path.c_str(), &width, &height, &num_components, 0); unsigned int tex_handle; glGenTextures(1, &tex_handle); if (image_data) { GLenum format{}; if (num_components == 1) format = GL_RED; else if (num_components == 3) format = GL_RGB; else if (num_components == 4) format = GL_RGBA; glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, tex_handle); glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1); // Recommended by NVIDIA Rep: https://devtalk.nvidia.com/default/topic/875205/opengl/how-does-gl_unpack_alignment-work-/ glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image_data); glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D); // https://www.khronos.org/registry/OpenGL-Refpages/gl4/html/glTexParameter.xhtml // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT); // GL_REPEAT... GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT... GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE... GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER. glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT); // float border_colour[] = {0.45, 0.55, 0.95}; // glTexParameterfv(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_BORDER_COLOR, border_colour); // For above when using: GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR); // glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); // glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); // GL_NEAREST... GL_LINEAR... GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST (See above link for full list) glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); // GL_NEAREST or GL_LINEAR. load_complete = true; stbi_image_free(image_data); std::cout << " Image loaded OK: " << image_path; } else { load_complete = false; stbi_image_free(image_data); std::cout << " Image failed to load: " << image_path; } return tex_handle; } void draw_multiple_meshes(unsigned buffer_width, unsigned buffer_height) { glUniform1i(meshes_combined_loc, 0); glUniform1i(draw_multiple_meshes_sampler_pos0_val, 0); // Make sure sampler array is at position 0: image[0] used in fragment shader, is set to 0. glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0); glViewport(0, 0, buffer_width, buffer_height); for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_meshes; ++i) { glUniform1i(rendering_multiple_meshes_loc, i); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, mesh_list[i].tex_handle); // Bind texture for the current mesh. glBindVertexArray(mesh_list[i].VAO); glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, (GLsizei)mesh_list[i].vert_indices.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); glBindVertexArray(0); } } void draw_meshes_combined_5VBO(unsigned buffer_width, unsigned buffer_height) { glUniform1i(meshes_combined_loc, 1); // If-statement in fragment shader. glUniform1i(rendering_multiple_meshes_loc, -1); if (binary_version_found) populate_sampler_array(meshes_5VBO_combined.texture_list); else populate_sampler_array(texture_list); glViewport(0, 0, buffer_width, buffer_height); glBindVertexArray(meshes_5VBO_combined.VAO); glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, (GLsizei)meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); glBindVertexArray(0); } void draw_meshes_combined_1VBO(unsigned buffer_width, unsigned buffer_height) { glUniform1i(meshes_combined_loc, 1); // If-statement in fragment shader. glUniform1i(rendering_multiple_meshes_loc, -1); if (binary_version_found) populate_sampler_array(meshes_1VBO_combined.texture_list); else populate_sampler_array(texture_list); glViewport(0, 0, buffer_width, buffer_height); glBindVertexArray(meshes_1VBO_combined.VAO); glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, (GLsizei)meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); glBindVertexArray(0); } void populate_sampler_array(std::vector<Texture> texture_list) { for (unsigned int i = 0; i < texture_list.size(); ++i) { glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + i); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_list[i].tex_handle); glUniform1i(texture_list[i].sampler_location, i); } } bool look_for_model_5VBO(std::string read_path) { bool file_not_found = false; std::ifstream vert_data; // Read data. std::size_t position = read_path.find_last_of("\\"); std::string model_name = read_path.substr(position + 1); vert_data.open("Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_positions.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << "\n Detecting: " << model_name + "_vert_positions.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_normals.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_vert_normals.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_tex_coords.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_tex_coords.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_indices.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_vert_indices.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_mesh_num.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_mesh_num.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_sampler_array_pos.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_sampler_array_pos.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.txt", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_image_names.txt: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); if (file_not_found) return false; return true; } void write_model_files_5VBO(std::string write_path) { std::string file_name; std::ofstream vert_data; // Write data. std::size_t position = write_path.find_last_of("\\"); std::string model_name = write_path.substr(position + 1); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_positions.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions[0]), meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions.size() * 3 * sizeof(float)); vert_data.close(); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_normals.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals[0]), meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals.size() * 3 * sizeof(float)); vert_data.close(); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_tex_coords.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords[0]), meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords.size() * 2 * sizeof(float)); vert_data.close(); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_indices.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices[0]), meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned int)); vert_data.close(); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_mesh_num.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num[0]), meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num.size() * sizeof(unsigned int)); vert_data.close(); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_sampler_array_pos.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos[0]), meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos.size() * sizeof(unsigned int)); vert_data.close(); std::string names_to_file; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < texture_list.size(); ++i) { names_to_file += texture_list[i].image_name; names_to_file += "\n"; } // file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.bin"; // vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.txt"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&names_to_file[0]), names_to_file.size() * sizeof(char)); vert_data.close(); } void read_model_files_5VBO(std::string read_path) { std::string file_name; std::ifstream vert_data; // Read data. size_t vector_bytes_size = 0; size_t vector_index_size = 0; std::size_t position = read_path.find_last_of("\\"); std::string model_name = read_path.substr(position + 1); file_name = model_name; // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_positions.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / (3 * sizeof(float)); meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_normals.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / (3 * sizeof(float)); meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_tex_coords.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / (2 * sizeof(float)); meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_indices.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / sizeof(unsigned int); meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_mesh_num.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / sizeof(unsigned int); meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_sampler_array_pos.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / sizeof(unsigned int); meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- // file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.bin"; // vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.txt"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / sizeof(char); std::string names_from_file; names_from_file.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&names_from_file[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); const char* all_names = names_from_file.c_str(); std::string single_name; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < names_from_file.size(); ++i) { if (*all_names != '\n') single_name += *all_names; else { Texture texture; texture.image_name = single_name; texture.tex_handle = 0; // Temporary value. Gets overridden in: load_file_name_images() meshes_5VBO_combined.texture_list.push_back(texture); single_name.clear(); } ++all_names; } /*for (unsigned int i = 0; i < meshes_5VBO_combined.texture_list.size(); ++i) std::cout << "\n Retrieved names: " << meshes_5VBO_combined.texture_list[i].image_name << "\n";*/ } bool look_for_model_1VBO(std::string read_path) { bool file_not_found = false; std::ifstream vert_data; // Read data. std::size_t position = read_path.find_last_of("\\"); std::string model_name = read_path.substr(position + 1); vert_data.open("Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_vertex_data.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << "\n Detecting: " << model_name + "_vertex_data.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_indices.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_vert_indices.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.txt", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_image_names.txt: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); if (file_not_found) return false; return true; } void write_model_files_1VBO(std::string write_path) { std::string file_name; std::ofstream vert_data; // Write data. std::size_t position = write_path.find_last_of("\\"); std::string model_name = write_path.substr(position + 1); file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_vertex_data.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data[0]), meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data.size() * sizeof(Vertex)); vert_data.close(); file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_indices.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices[0]), meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned int)); vert_data.close(); std::string names_to_file; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < texture_list.size(); ++i) { names_to_file += texture_list[i].image_name; names_to_file += "\n"; } // file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.bin"; // vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.txt"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&names_to_file[0]), names_to_file.size() * sizeof(char)); vert_data.close(); } void read_model_files_1VBO(std::string read_path) { std::string file_name; std::ifstream vert_data; // Read data. size_t vector_bytes_size = 0; size_t vector_index_size = 0; std::size_t position = read_path.find_last_of("\\"); std::string model_name = read_path.substr(position + 1); file_name = model_name; // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_vertex_data.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / (3 * sizeof(float)); meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_indices.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / sizeof(unsigned int); meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- // file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.bin"; // vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.txt"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / sizeof(char); std::string names_from_file; names_from_file.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&names_from_file[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); const char* all_names = names_from_file.c_str(); std::string single_name; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < names_from_file.size(); ++i) { if (*all_names != '\n') single_name += *all_names; else { Texture texture; texture.image_name = single_name; texture.tex_handle = 0; // Temporary value. Gets overridden in: load_file_name_images() meshes_1VBO_combined.texture_list.push_back(texture); single_name.clear(); } ++all_names; } } };
#version 420 core out vec4 fragment_colour; // Must be the exact same name as declared in the vertex shader // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in vec3 vert_pos_varying; // Vertex position coordinates received from the fragment shader as interpolated per-vertex. in vec3 vert_pos_transformed; // Transformed cube vertex position coordinates also received as interpolated. in vec3 vertex_normal; in vec2 texture_coordinates; flat in unsigned int mesh_number; // Can be used to set the fragment colours of meshes independently of one another. flat in unsigned int sampler_array_pos; // Used to select the correct image from the images[] array. in vec4 light_view_vert_pos[10]; uniform vec3 light_position[10]; uniform sampler2D shadow_map[10]; uniform unsigned int light_count; uniform unsigned int light_ID; uniform sampler2D images[32]; // GL_MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS = 32 on my PC. uniform unsigned int model_number; uniform bool rendering_shadow_map; uniform bool meshes_combined; uniform vec3 camera_position; // Players view position which is set in main() void main() { if (rendering_shadow_map) { if (model_number == 4) // Don't render the frustum during the shadow map run. discard; if (model_number == 2 || model_number == 3) // Lights 1 and 2... likewise don't allow near and far planes to cast shadows. if (mesh_number == 0 || mesh_number == 3) discard; // gl_FragDepth = gl_FragCoord.z; // This effectively happens automatically within the graphics pipeline, so no need to uncomment. } else { vec3 view_direction = normalize(camera_position - vert_pos_transformed); unsigned int index = 0; // -------------------------- if (meshes_combined) index = sampler_array_pos; vec4 image_colour = texture(images[index], texture_coordinates); float pcf_depth; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < light_count; ++i) { if (model_number == 4) // Rendering the frustum. { if (light_ID == 0 && i == 1) // For light 0... exit the for-loop or else processing light 1 crops light 0's frustum. break; if (light_ID == 1 && i == 0) // Likewise... ignore the loop 1st iteration or else light 0 crops light 1's frustum. continue; } vec3 vec_pos_ndc = light_view_vert_pos[i].xyz / light_view_vert_pos[i].w; // For an orthographic projection matrix the: / w... simply has no effect because it remains at 1. // Self shadowing... Note that the terms "shadow acne" and "erroneous self-shadowing" are used synonymously // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Ideally the bias values set below should change dynamically based on various parameters. // Additional techniques can also be used. For example: calculating a tight projection, cascading shadow maps, and more. // Particularly the light's near-plane distance should be kept as close as possible to the objects casting shadows, but also the far-plane. // https://developer.nvidia.com/content/depth-precision-visualized (Includes graphs to help explain the nature of the... 1/z depth buffer) // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/60195019/why-is-the-z-coordinate-flipped-after-multiplying-with-a-matrix-in-glsl-opengl (Now Z+ is into the screen) vec3 converted_coords = vec_pos_ndc * 0.5 + 0.5; // Convert XY [-1, 1] NDC to [0, 1] Texture... also Z [-1, 1] NDC to [0, 1] Depth buffer. vec3 light_direction = normalize((light_position[i] - vert_pos_transformed)); // A position used as a light source acts as a point light (Not a directional light) float bias = max(0.02 * (1.0 - dot(vertex_normal, light_direction)), 0.035); // Slope scale depth bias (original values were set to: 0.01 and 0.005) // bias = 0; // Make sure this is commented (use for testing purposes only) vec2 texel_size = 1.0 / textureSize(shadow_map[i], 0); float shadow_texels = 0; int steps = 1; // Set PCF shadow softening amount. for (int x = -steps; x <= steps; ++x) { for (int y = -steps; y <= steps; ++y) { pcf_depth = texture(shadow_map[i], converted_coords.xy + (vec2(x, y) * texel_size)).r; shadow_texels += converted_coords.z - bias > pcf_depth ? 1.0 : 0.0; // Depth buffer is +Z into screen (see 2nd post in the link at the bottom for explanation about camera Z direction) // Restrict shadows to inside the frustum // --------------------------------------------------- // if (vec_pos_ndc.x > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.x < -1 || vec_pos_ndc.y > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.y < -1 || vec_pos_ndc.z > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.z < -1) // shadow_texels = 0.0; // Set above 0 (above 0.5 starts to become noticeable depending on "steps" value) to cast shadows everywhere apart from inside the frustum. } } // Shadow factor range: [0 = no shadow, 1 = full shadow] E.G. steps = 2... for-loops: 5 iterations each = 25 / ( ((2 * 2) + 1) * ((2 * 2) + 1) = 25 ) = 1.0 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- float shadow_factor = shadow_texels / ( ((steps * 2) + 1) * ((steps * 2) + 1) ); float light_percent = 0.25; // Decrease this value according to how many lights there are... or even use: "model_number" to set each light's brightness individually. float lighting_multiplier = light_percent - (shadow_factor * 0.20); // Comment to cast shadows beyond near and far planes (Only effective if the above "Restrict shadows to inside the frustum" is commented) // ------------------------------------------------------------------------ if (converted_coords.z > 1.0) lighting_multiplier = light_percent; vec4 ambient_result = vec4(lighting_multiplier * image_colour.rgb, 1.0); float diffuse_angle = max(dot(light_direction, vertex_normal), -0.05); // [-1.0 to 0] down to -1 results in darker lighting past 90 degrees. vec4 diffuse_result = vec4(lighting_multiplier * diffuse_angle * image_colour.rgb, 1.0); vec3 specular_colour = vec3(0.65, 0.65, 0.65); vec3 reflect_direction = normalize(reflect(-light_direction, vertex_normal)); // Light direction is negated here. float specular_strength = pow(max(dot(view_direction, reflect_direction), 0), 64); vec4 specular_result = vec4(lighting_multiplier * specular_colour * specular_strength, 1.0); // Incrementally add each light's lighting and shadowing effect to "fragment_colour" // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Only apply lighting and shadowing to within the frustums // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- if (vec_pos_ndc.x > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.x < -1 || vec_pos_ndc.y > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.y < -1 || vec_pos_ndc.z > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.z < -1) fragment_colour += ambient_result; // Disable this if-statement to disable this restriction. else fragment_colour += ambient_result + diffuse_result + specular_result; // Always leave this line enabled. if (model_number == 2 || model_number == 3) // Light 1 and light 2 { if (mesh_number == 0 || mesh_number == 3) // Set near and far-plane colour tints and transparency. { // discard; // Uncomment to not draw the planes. if (light_ID == 0) fragment_colour.r *= 10; if (light_ID == 1) fragment_colour.b *= 10; fragment_colour.a = 0.25; } if (mesh_number == 2) fragment_colour = vec4(0.85, 0.85, 0.85, 1.0); // Set shadow camera front face to a solid colour. } if (model_number == 1 && mesh_number == 0) // Main scene floor. { // Note: for 2 lights (or more) ... the code requires modifying if wanting to display both frustums Z colour values simultaneously (currently the last light overrides all previous for-loop iterations) // if ((vec_pos_ndc.z > 0.90 && vec_pos_ndc.z <= 1.001) && pcf_depth != 1.0) // pcf_depth != 1.0 restricts it to inside the frustum. // fragment_colour = lighting_multiplier * (1 / light_percent) * vec4(1.0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0); // if (vec_pos_ndc.z <= 0.90 && vec_pos_ndc.z > 0.80 && pcf_depth != 1.0) // fragment_colour = lighting_multiplier * (1 / light_percent) * vec4(0.70, 0.25, 0.15, 1.0); // if (vec_pos_ndc.z <= 0.80 && vec_pos_ndc.z > 0.70 && pcf_depth != 1.0) // fragment_colour = lighting_multiplier * (1 / light_percent) * vec4(0.5, 0.45, 0.10, 1.0); // if (vec_pos_ndc.z <= 0.70 && vec_pos_ndc.z > 0.60 && pcf_depth != 1.0) // fragment_colour = lighting_multiplier * (1 / light_percent) * vec4(0.3, 0.65, 0.05, 1.0); // if (vec_pos_ndc.z <= 0.60 && vec_pos_ndc.z > 0.50 && pcf_depth != 1.0) // fragment_colour =lighting_multiplier * (1 / light_percent) * vec4(0.1, 0.95, 0.0, 1.0); // --------------------------------------------------------------------------- // if (vec_pos_ndc.x > 0.985 && vec_pos_ndc.x < 0.999 && pcf_depth != 1.0) // Simply adds narrow strips to the sides of the frustum. // fragment_colour = vec4(0.15, 0.25, 0.95, 1.0); // if (vec_pos_ndc.x < -0.985 && vec_pos_ndc.x > -0.999 && pcf_depth != 1.0) // fragment_colour = vec4(0.15, 0.25, 0.95, 1.0); } if (model_number == 4) // Frustum. { // discard; // Uncomment to not draw the frustums. // if (vec_pos_ndc.x > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.x < -1 || vec_pos_ndc.y > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.y < -1 ||vec_pos_ndc.z > 1) // Works for Perspective. if (vec_pos_ndc.x > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.x < -1 || vec_pos_ndc.y > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.y < -1 ||vec_pos_ndc.z > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.z < -1) // Works for Orthographic and Perspective. discard; if (light_ID == 0) fragment_colour = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.015); // Transparent red. if (light_ID == 1) fragment_colour = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.015); // Transparent blue. } } } }